Discuss And Interrelate the following:
♦Data
♦Data Type
♦Data Structure
♦DBMS
Data is a collection of some information or descriptions in to a certain thing. in Data Type, it is an attribute of a datum(a single data) which tells the computer (and the programmer) something about the kind of datum it is. This involves setting constraints on the datum, such as what values it can take and what operations may be performed upon it. In Data Structure, it is being stored in the computer so that it can be used efficiently. Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used. A well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed, using as few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible. In DBMS, A Data Base Management System is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database.
Data Structure are implemented by a programming language as data types and the references and operations they provide. DBMS are categorized according to their data structures or types, some time DBMS is also known as Data base Manager. It is a set of prewritten programs that are used to store, update and retrieve a Database. A DBMS includes:
1. A modeling language to define the schema of each database hosted in the DBMS, according to the DBMS data model.
2.* The four most common types of organizations are the hierarchical, network, relational and object models. Inverted lists and other methods are also used. A given database management system may provide one or more of the four models. The optimal structure depends on the natural organization of the application's data, and on the application's requirements (which include transaction rate (speed), reliability, maintainability, scalability, and cost).
3.* The dominant model in use today is the ad hoc one embedded in SQL, despite the objections of purists who believe this model is a corruption of the relational model, since it violates several of its fundamental principles for the sake of practicality and performance. Many DBMSs also support the Open Database Connectivity API that supports a standard way for programmers to access the DBMS.
4. Data structures (fields, records, files and objects) optimized to deal with very large amounts of data stored on a permanent data storage device (which implies relatively slow access compared to volatile main memory).
5. A database query language and report writer to allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data.
6.It also controls the security of the database.
7.*Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.
8.*If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. However, it may not leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization. These controls are only available when a set of application programs are customized for each data entry and updating function.
9. A transaction mechanism, that ideally would guarantee the ACID properties, in order to ensure data integrity, despite concurrent user accesses (concurrency control), and faults (fault tolerance).
10.It also maintains the integrity of the data in the database.
11.The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to update the same record at the same time. The DBMS can help prevent duplicate records via unique index constraints; for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database. See ACID properties for more information (Redundancy avoidance).
The DBMS accepts requests for data from the application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data.
When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system.
Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators.
Database servers are specially designed computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. Connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, hardware database accelerators are also used in large volume transaction processing environments.
DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. Sometimes DBMSs are built around a private multitasking kernel with built-in networking support although nowadays these functions are left to the operating system.
Saturday, June 28, 2008
As i see it 002
Data
Data (singular: datum) refer to a collection of natural phenomena descriptors including the results of experience, observation or experiment, or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables.
Data Type
In programming languages a data type is an attribute of a datum which tells the computer (and the programmer) something about the kind of datum it is. This involves setting constraints on the datum, such as what values it can take and what operations may be performed upon it. Common data types may include: integers, floating-point numbers (decimals), and alphanumeric strings. For example, in the Java programming language, the "int" type represents the set of 32-bit integers ranging in value from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, as well as the operations that can be performed on integers, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Colors, on the other hand, are represented by three bytes denoting the amounts each of red, green, and blue, and one string representing that color's name; allowable operations include addition and subtraction, but not multiplication.
In a broad sense, a data type defines a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values[1]. Almost all programming languages explicitly include the notion of data type, though different languages may use different terminology. Most programming languages also allow the programmer to define additional data types, usually by combining multiple elements of other types and defining the valid operations of the new data type. For example, a programmer might create a new data type named "Person" that specifies that data interpreted as Person would include a name and a date of birth.
A data type can also be thought of as a constraint placed upon the interpretation of data in a type system, describing representation, interpretation and structure of values or objects stored in computer memory. The type system uses data type information to check correctness of computer programs that access or manipulate the data.
Data Structure
In computer science, a data structure is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used. The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an abstract data type. A well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed, using as few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible. Data structures are implemented by a programming language as data types and the references and operations they provide.
Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to certain tasks. For example, B-trees are particularly well-suited for implementation of databases, while networks of machines rely on routing tables to function.
Data (singular: datum) refer to a collection of natural phenomena descriptors including the results of experience, observation or experiment, or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables.
Data Type
In programming languages a data type is an attribute of a datum which tells the computer (and the programmer) something about the kind of datum it is. This involves setting constraints on the datum, such as what values it can take and what operations may be performed upon it. Common data types may include: integers, floating-point numbers (decimals), and alphanumeric strings. For example, in the Java programming language, the "int" type represents the set of 32-bit integers ranging in value from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, as well as the operations that can be performed on integers, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. Colors, on the other hand, are represented by three bytes denoting the amounts each of red, green, and blue, and one string representing that color's name; allowable operations include addition and subtraction, but not multiplication.
In a broad sense, a data type defines a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values[1]. Almost all programming languages explicitly include the notion of data type, though different languages may use different terminology. Most programming languages also allow the programmer to define additional data types, usually by combining multiple elements of other types and defining the valid operations of the new data type. For example, a programmer might create a new data type named "Person" that specifies that data interpreted as Person would include a name and a date of birth.
A data type can also be thought of as a constraint placed upon the interpretation of data in a type system, describing representation, interpretation and structure of values or objects stored in computer memory. The type system uses data type information to check correctness of computer programs that access or manipulate the data.
Data Structure
In computer science, a data structure is a way of storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Often a carefully chosen data structure will allow the most efficient algorithm to be used. The choice of the data structure often begins from the choice of an abstract data type. A well-designed data structure allows a variety of critical operations to be performed, using as few resources, both execution time and memory space, as possible. Data structures are implemented by a programming language as data types and the references and operations they provide.
Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to certain tasks. For example, B-trees are particularly well-suited for implementation of databases, while networks of machines rely on routing tables to function.
As i see it 001
Computer System
Basic Computer Systems
Input, Processing, Storage and Output parts of a computer system.
Tools
Help Copy this to my account Add this to my class page Find other activities Start over Print this activity
Which one is an INPUT device?
• [A] Floppy Disk
• [B] Keyboard (correct answer)
• [C] Monitor
• [D] Speakers
Which one is the device that is the "brain" of a computer system?
• [A] CPU (correct answer)
• [B] CD-ROM
• [C] Mouse
• [D] Scanner
Which one is an OUTPUT device?
• [A] Joystick
• [B] Microphone
• [C] Monitor (correct answer)
• [D] Hard Disk
Which part is NOT an INPUT device?
• [A] Joystick
• [B] MIDI Keyboard
• [C] Mouse
• [D] Printer (correct answer)
Which part is NOT an OUTPUT device?
• [A] Digital Camera (correct answer)
• [B] Monitor
• [C] Printer
• [D] Speakers
Which one is a STORAGE device?
• [A] CPU
• [B] Headphones
• [C] Floppy Disk (correct answer)
• [D] Modem
Which part is NOT a STORAGE device?
• [A] CD-ROM
• [B] Hard Disk
• [C] Printer (correct answer)
• [D] Zip Disk
A Zip Disk is a STORAGE device.
• [A] True (correct answer)
• [B] False
A MIDI Keyboard is a PROCESSOR.
• [A] True
• [B] False (correct answer)
The Three-Step Information Process is: INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
• [A] True (correct answer)
• [B] False
OS Plat Forms
ACE has been ported and tested on a wide range of OS platforms including Windows (i.e., WinNT 3.5.x, 4.x, 2000, Embedded NT, XP, Win95/98, and WinCE using MSVC++, Borland C++ Builder, and IBM's Visual Age on 32- and 64-bit Intel and Alpha platforms), Mac OS X, most versions of UNIX (e.g., Solaris on SPARC and Intel, SGI IRIX 5.x and 6.x, DG/UX, HP-UX 10.x, and 11.x, Tru64UNIX 3.x and 4.x, AIX 3.x, 4.x, 5.x, DG/UX, UnixWare, SCO, and freely available UNIX implementations, such as Debian Linux 2.x, RedHat Linux 5.2, 6.x, 7.x, 8x, and 9.x, as well as the various Enterprise editions, SUSE Linux 8.1 and 9.2, Timesys Linux, FreeBSD, and NetBSD), real-time operating systems (e.g., LynxOS, VxWorks, ChorusOS, QnX Neutrino, RTEMS, OS9, and PSoS), OpenVMS, MVS OpenEdition, and CRAY UNICOS. A single source tree is used for all these platforms. There is also a Java version of ACE.
System
System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma) is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. The concept of an 'integrated whole' can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.
There are natural and man-made (designed) systems. Man-made systems normally have a certain purpose, set of objectives. They are “designed to work as a coherent entity”. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but they are sustainable, efficient and resilient. There are many kinds of systems.
A system is a fundamental concept of systems theory, which views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. We determine a system by choosing the relevant interactions we want to consider plus choosing the system boundary —– or, equivalently, providing membership criteria to determine which entities are part of the system, and which entities are outside of the system and are therefore part of the environment of the system. We then make simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior.
An open system usually interacts with some entities in their environment. A closed system is isolated from its environment.
Management
Management in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.
Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.
Basic Computer Systems
Input, Processing, Storage and Output parts of a computer system.
Tools
Help Copy this to my account Add this to my class page Find other activities Start over Print this activity
Which one is an INPUT device?
• [A] Floppy Disk
• [B] Keyboard (correct answer)
• [C] Monitor
• [D] Speakers
Which one is the device that is the "brain" of a computer system?
• [A] CPU (correct answer)
• [B] CD-ROM
• [C] Mouse
• [D] Scanner
Which one is an OUTPUT device?
• [A] Joystick
• [B] Microphone
• [C] Monitor (correct answer)
• [D] Hard Disk
Which part is NOT an INPUT device?
• [A] Joystick
• [B] MIDI Keyboard
• [C] Mouse
• [D] Printer (correct answer)
Which part is NOT an OUTPUT device?
• [A] Digital Camera (correct answer)
• [B] Monitor
• [C] Printer
• [D] Speakers
Which one is a STORAGE device?
• [A] CPU
• [B] Headphones
• [C] Floppy Disk (correct answer)
• [D] Modem
Which part is NOT a STORAGE device?
• [A] CD-ROM
• [B] Hard Disk
• [C] Printer (correct answer)
• [D] Zip Disk
A Zip Disk is a STORAGE device.
• [A] True (correct answer)
• [B] False
A MIDI Keyboard is a PROCESSOR.
• [A] True
• [B] False (correct answer)
The Three-Step Information Process is: INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
• [A] True (correct answer)
• [B] False
OS Plat Forms
ACE has been ported and tested on a wide range of OS platforms including Windows (i.e., WinNT 3.5.x, 4.x, 2000, Embedded NT, XP, Win95/98, and WinCE using MSVC++, Borland C++ Builder, and IBM's Visual Age on 32- and 64-bit Intel and Alpha platforms), Mac OS X, most versions of UNIX (e.g., Solaris on SPARC and Intel, SGI IRIX 5.x and 6.x, DG/UX, HP-UX 10.x, and 11.x, Tru64UNIX 3.x and 4.x, AIX 3.x, 4.x, 5.x, DG/UX, UnixWare, SCO, and freely available UNIX implementations, such as Debian Linux 2.x, RedHat Linux 5.2, 6.x, 7.x, 8x, and 9.x, as well as the various Enterprise editions, SUSE Linux 8.1 and 9.2, Timesys Linux, FreeBSD, and NetBSD), real-time operating systems (e.g., LynxOS, VxWorks, ChorusOS, QnX Neutrino, RTEMS, OS9, and PSoS), OpenVMS, MVS OpenEdition, and CRAY UNICOS. A single source tree is used for all these platforms. There is also a Java version of ACE.
System
System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek σύστημα systēma) is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. The concept of an 'integrated whole' can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.
There are natural and man-made (designed) systems. Man-made systems normally have a certain purpose, set of objectives. They are “designed to work as a coherent entity”. Natural systems may not have an apparent objective but they are sustainable, efficient and resilient. There are many kinds of systems.
A system is a fundamental concept of systems theory, which views the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. We determine a system by choosing the relevant interactions we want to consider plus choosing the system boundary —– or, equivalently, providing membership criteria to determine which entities are part of the system, and which entities are outside of the system and are therefore part of the environment of the system. We then make simplified representations (models) of the system in order to understand it and to predict or impact its future behavior.
An open system usually interacts with some entities in their environment. A closed system is isolated from its environment.
Management
Management in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.
Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.
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